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Tag: médicaments

Amachiza e-GLP-1 afana ne-Ozempic kunye ne-Wegovy

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Ugqirha Med
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Ugqirha uthetha nesigulana.

  • Uphando olutsha olunikezelwe kwi-American Heart Association Scientific Sessions lubonisa ukuba i-semaglutide, isithako esisebenzayo kwi-Ozempic kunye ne-Wegovy, ineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yentliziyo.
  • Ubungqina bubonise ukuba abaguli abanyangwa nge-GLP-1 benomngcipheko oncitshisiweyo wokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo kunye ne-stroke.
  • Iimpawu zokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo nazo ziphuculwe ngexesha lokunyanga nge-semaglutide.

I-Semaglutide, ichiza le-GLP-1 ekuqaleni lalimiselwe isifo seswekile kwaye emva koko ukutyeba kakhulu, kungekudala inokunyanga isifo sentliziyo.

Ngempelaveki, kwi-American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2023, abaphandi babonisa ubungqina obubambekayo bokusebenza kwe-semaglutide (ithengiswa phantsi kwegama le-brand Wegovy kunye ne-Ozempic) ekukhuseleni ukuhlaselwa kwentliziyo kunye nokubetha.

Olunye uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba iyeza lingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula iimpawu kwizigulana ezinokusilela kwentliziyo, ngakumbi ukusilela kwentliziyo kunye neqhezu le-ejection eligciniweyo (HFpEF).

Kuthatyathwe kunye, ezi zifundo zimbini, ezathi kamva zapapashwa kwiijenali ezinkulu zonyango, zibonisa isithembiso se-semaglutide njengokhetho lonyango kwizigulana ezisengozini yeziganeko ezinkulu zentliziyo kunye nokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo.

Kuzo zombini ezi meko, uphando luxhaswe nguNovo Nordisk, umenzi we-Ozempic kunye ne-Wegovy.

Ngaba i-semaglutide inenzuzo ye-cardiovascular?

Uphononongo olunikezelwe kule mpelaveki kwaye lupapashwe ngaxeshanye kwiNew England Journal of Medicine luhlolisise iziphumo ezivela kwi-SELECT trial, i-multicenter, i-double-blind, i-randomized, i-placebo-controlled controlled trial eyenziwa nguNovo Nordisk ukufundisisa iziphumo ze-cardiovascular kwizigulane eziphathwa nge-semaglutide. ngokuchasene ne-placebo.

Uphando oluthiwe thaca kule mpelaveki lujonga amazinga okusweleka, uhlaselo lwentliziyo olungabulaliyo kunye nemivimbo engabulaliyo kwizigulana ezingenasifo seswekile. Ichiza liye laboniswa ngaphambili ukunciphisa ezi ziganeko kwizigulane ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2.

Olu lingo lelona likhulu kwakha lwenziwa yinkampani yaseDenmark exuba amayeza kwaye libandakanye abantu abangaphezu kwe-17 kumazwe angama-000.

Uphononongo lwenziwe phakathi kuka-Oktobha 2018 kunye no-Matshi 2021 kwaye lwahlala iminyaka emihlanu, kubandakanywa nexesha lokulandelela isigulane.

Ngethuba lovavanyo, isiqingatha sabathathi-nxaxheba bafumana i-semaglutide (i-dose ye-2,4 mg kanye ngeveki), ngelixa esinye isiqingatha safumana i-placebo. Izigulane kulingo zazineminyaka eyi-45 okanye ngaphezulu, zine-BMI ye-27 okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye zine-cardiovascular disease esele ikhona. Kwakufuneka bangabi nayo imbali yesifo seswekile.

Izigulane ezithatha i-semaglutide zazinomngcipheko weengxaki ezinzulu ze-cardiovascular ezincitshiswe kwibhodi yonke: ingozi yonke yesiganeko se-cardiovascular yehle nge-20%, umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa yintliziyo nge-28%, kunye nomngcipheko wokubetha nge-7%.

Kwakukho iingenelo ezongezelelweyo ngokunjalo. Iqela le-semaglutide lilahlekelwe yi-9,39% yesisindo somzimba wabo, xa kuthelekiswa ngaphantsi kwe-1% yeqela le-placebo. Baphinde babona ukuphuculwa koxinzelelo lwegazi, amanqanaba e-cholesterol kunye namanqanaba e-HbA1c.

I-Novo Nordisk ikhuphe ngaphambili idatha yesiseko kwi-SELECT iziphumo zolingo ngo-Agasti.

Ngaba i-semaglutide inceda ngokuhluleka kwentliziyo?

Uphando olupapashwe ngoNovemba 12 ngo Ukuhambaukupapashwa kwe-flagship ye-American Heart Association, yafunda unyango lwe-semaglutide ukuphucula iimpawu zokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo kunye neqhekeza eligciniweyo le-ejection, eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuhluleka kwentliziyo.

Abaphandi bajonge amanyathelo ahlukeneyo kwimimandla efana nomgangatho wobomi, ukulinganiselwa kwezentlalo, kunye nokunciphisa umzimba usebenzisa i-Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), enika amanqaku eempawu zokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo ngokusekelwe kwimiba yezinto.

I-52-iveki, i-randomized, i-double-blind-blind, isilingo esilawulwa yi-placebo sasiquka abathathi-nxaxheba be-529. Isiqingatha sabathathi-nxaxheba bafumana inaliti yeveki ye-2,4 mg ye-semaglutide, ngelixa esinye isiqingatha safumana i-placebo. Izigulana kwafuneka zibe nokutyeba kakhulu kunye nembali ebhaliweyo ye-HFpEF.

Abantu abaphathwa nge-semaglutide bafumana ukuphuculwa okuphawulekayo kwiimpawu zokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo, eziboniswe ngokuphucula amanqaku e-KCCQ, ukunciphisa okukhulu kwesisindo somzimba, kunye nokuphucula ukulinganiselwa komzimba kunye nomsebenzi wokuzivocavoca.

“Ngoku sikwinqanaba lokunyuka kwedatha esikhomba kwicala lokuba ukutyeba kakhulu ngunobangela wezi ngxaki. Ukuze silawule ngempumelelo ezi ngxaki, kufuneka sijongane nokukhuluphala, kufuneka sijolise ukutyeba, "uGqr Mikhail Kosiborod, i-cardiologist, i-vice-president wophando kwi-Saint Luke's Health System kunye nomlobi okhokelayo wokufunda. isifundo, uxelele i-Healthline.

Iziphumo zakhela kwizinto ezifunyenwe ngaphambili ezipapashwe ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka.

I-HFpEF ibhekisa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo apho intliziyo ilukhuni kakhulu ukuba izalise ngokufanelekileyo.

Nangona ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo kunye nokutyeba ziimeko zempilo ezahlukeneyo, zihlala zisenzeka kunye. Uphononongo kwi JAMA Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, kwafunyaniswa ukuba abantu abatyebileyo okanye abatyebe kakhulu be-BMI babenomngcipheko ophezulu kakhulu we-HFpEF.

UGqr Lynne Warner Stevenson, uprofesa weyeza ze-cardiovascular eVanderbilt kunye nomlawuli wenkqubo yabo ye-cardiomyopathy, owayengahambelani nophando, utshele i-Healthline:

“Kuluvuthondaba lweliza eliye laphuhla ukuzama ukufumana indlela yokunciphisa izigulo kunye nokufa kwento endiyijonga njengomfanekiso weVenn wezifo, kukutyeba, isifo seswekile kunye nesifo sentliziyo. ukusilela ngeqhezu lokukhupha eligciniweyo.

Amachiza e-GLP-1 anceda ukunyanga isifo seswekile, ukutyeba kunye nesifo senhliziyo

"Ndicinga ukuba wonke umntu unemincili kwaye sonke besilindile, ngakumbi ulingo KHETHA, kwaye ndicinga ukuba ziindaba ezimnandi," utshilo uGqr. Sun Kim, unjingalwazi onxulumene neyeza kwi-endocrinology kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford, uxelele i-Healthline. Akazange athathe inxaxheba kuphando.

"Iingcali ze-Endocrinologists zinobudlelwane obuthile kule klasi yeziyobisi kuba zavunywa kuqala unyango lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2 kunye nokulawula iswekile yegazi, kodwa zibonakaliswe ukuba zineenzuzo ezininzi ezongezelelweyo," wachaza.

Ababhali bohlelo olukhaphayo kwi NEJM ubhale wathi: “Sikwixesha elitsha lokunyanga ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nomngcipheko we-cardiometabolic ngoluhlu olukhulayo lwezinto onokukhetha kuzo. Ulingo lwe-SELECT lubonelela ngobungqina beziphumo eziphuculweyo zesifo senhliziyo kunye ne-GLP-1 receptor agonists ngokungabikho kweswekile.

Nangona kunjalo, baphinde baqaphela ukuba iindleko kunye nokufikeleleka kwe-semaglutide zihlala ziyimiqobo ebalulekileyo kubantu abaninzi.

I-Novo Nordisk ifake isicelo sokuhlaziya ileyibhile ye-Wegovy ukubandakanya isalathiso sokunciphisa iziganeko ezinkulu ezimbi zentliziyo. I-FDA inike uhlaziyo oluphambili lophononongo kwesi sicelo sechiza esitsha esongezelelweyo.

Inkampani ibonelele nge-Healthline ingxelo elandelayo evela kuDkt Michelle Skinner, i-PharmD, inkokeli yendawo ye-cardiorenal therapy, imicimbi yezonyango eNovo Nordisk:

"Iziphumo ezipheleleyo ze-KHETHA ezinikezelwe kwi-AHA ziphawula inguqu kwisayensi yokutyeba. Sijonge phambili ekusebenzisaneni nabalawuli kumanyathelo alandelayo okubonelela ngolu khetho kubantu abatyebileyo okanye abatyebileyo kunye nababoneleli bezempilo abasebenzisana nabo ekunyamekeleni kwabo.

Okubalulekileyo

Ubungqina obuvelayo bubonisa ukuba i-semaglutide ingaba neenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo ye-cardiovascular and heart failure.

Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kulingo lwe-KHETHA lweNovo Nordisk, izigulane eziphathwa nge-semaglutide zine-20% yokunciphisa umngcipheko weziganeko ezimbi kakhulu ze-cardiovascular xa kuthelekiswa ne-placebo.

Ulingo olwahlukileyo lukwabonise ukuba ichiza lalisebenza kakuhle ekunyangeni iimpawu zokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo ngeqhekeza eligciniweyo le-ejection.

FUNDA OKUNGAKUMBI FUNDA OKUNGAKUMBI FUNDA OKUNGAKUMBI FUNDA OKUNGAKUMBI FUNDA OKUNGAKUMBI

Ngaba Ukutya Kusebenza njengeYeza Yonke into ekufuneka uyazi

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Oko Ukhetha Ukukutya Kuneziphumo Ezinzulu kwiMpilo yakho iyonke.Uphando lubonisa ukuba imikhwa yokutya ichaphazela umngcipheko wesifo. Ngelixa ukutya okunye kunokubangela iimeko zempilo ezingapheliyo, ezinye zibonelela ngeempawu ezinamandla zonyango kunye nokukhusela.

Ngoko ke, abantu abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi ukutya liyeza.

Nangona kunjalo, ukutya kuphela akukwazi kwaye akufanele kuthathe indawo yeyeza kuzo zonke iimeko. Nangona izifo ezininzi zinokuthintelwa, zinyangwe, okanye zinyangwe ngokutya kunye nokutshintsha indlela yokuphila, ezinye ezininzi azikwazi.

Eli nqaku lichaza imiphumo yamayeza okutya, kubandakanywa ukutya okumele kwaye akufanele kusetyenziswe ukuphilisa.

Ukutya njengeyeza

Indlela Ukutya Okuwondla kwaye Kuwukhusela Ngayo Umzimba Wakho

Izondlo ezininzi ekutyeni zikhuthaza impilo kwaye zikhusela umzimba wakho kwizifo.

Ukutya okupheleleyo, ukutya okunesondlo kubalulekile kuba izinto zabo ezizodwa zisebenza ngokubambisana ukudala umphumo ongenakuphindwa ngokuthatha isongezelelo.

Iivithamini kunye neeminerali

Nangona umzimba wakho ufuna kuphela izixa ezincinci zeevithamini kunye neeminerali, zibalulekile kwimpilo yakho.

Nangona kunjalo, izidlo zaseNtshona-eziphezulu ekutyeni okucutshungulwayo kunye nokutya okuphantsi kokutya okufana nokuveliswa okutsha - ngokuqhelekileyo kunqongophala kwiivithamini kunye neeminerali. Oku kunokwandisa kakhulu umngcipheko wakho wesifo ().

Ngokomzekelo, ukungena ngokwaneleyo kwe-vitamin D kunye ne-folic acid kungonakalisa intliziyo yakho, kubangele ukungasebenzi komzimba, kunye nokwandisa umngcipheko wee-cancer ezithile, ngokulandelanayo (, , ).

Iikhompawundi zezityalo eziluncedo

Ukutya okunomsoco, kuquka imifuno, iziqhamo, iimbotyi kunye neengqolowa, ziqulethe izinto ezininzi ezincedo, ezifana ne-antioxidants.

khusela iiseli kumonakalo onokukhokelela kwizifo ().

Enyanisweni, uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abatya ukutya okutyebileyo kwi-polyphenol antioxidants banamazinga aphantsi okudandatheka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kunye nesifo senhliziyo (,,,,).

Fiber

Ifayibha yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokutya okunempilo. Ayikhuthazi kuphela ukugaywa kakuhle kunye nokuphelisa, kodwa iphinde yondle ().

Ngoko ke, njengemifuno, iimbotyi, iinkozo kunye neziqhamo, zikhusela kwizifo, zinciphisa ukuvuvukala kwaye zomeleze amajoni akho omzimba ().

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutya okuphantsi kwe-fiber kuhambelana nomngcipheko wokwanda kwezifo, kuquka umhlaza wekoloni kunye ne-stroke (,,,,).

Iiprotheyini kunye namafutha anempilo

Iiprotheyini kunye namafutha avela ngokupheleleyo, ukutya okunesondlo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo emzimbeni wakho.

- iibhloko zokwakha zeprotheni - zikhuthaza ukusebenza komzimba, ukuhlanganiswa kwemisipha, i-metabolism kunye nokukhula, ngelixa amanqatha anika i-fuel kunye nokunceda ukufumana izondlo (,).

, ezifumaneka kukutya okufana neentlanzi ezinamafutha, zinceda ukulawula ukuvuvukala kwaye zidibene nentliziyo engcono kunye nempilo yokuzivikela ().

isishwankathelo Ukutya okupheleleyo, okunesondlo kuqulethe iivithamini, iiminerali, i-antioxidants, i-fiber, iiprotheni kunye namafutha, zonke ezikhuthaza impilo kwaye ziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kakuhle komzimba.

Ukutya okunempilo kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo

Ngokucacileyo, ukutya okunesondlo kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo, ngelixa okuchaseneyo kuyinyani ekutyeni okucutshungulwayo kakhulu.

Ukukhetha ukutya okungenampilo kunokonyusa umngcipheko wesifo

Ukutya okungekho mpilweni okuphezulu kwiziselo ezineswekile, ukutya okukhawulezayo kunye neenkozo ezisulungekileyo zinegalelo ikakhulu kwizifo ezinjengesifo sentliziyo, isifo seswekile kunye nokutyeba.

Oku kutya kucutshungulweyo kuyonakalisa iibhaktheriya zamathumbu akho kwaye kukhuthaze ukunganyangeki kwe-insulin kunye nomngcipheko wesifo ngokubanzi ().

Uphononongo lwabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 lufumene ukuba yonke i-000% yonyuka kwi-ultra-processed yokutya ikhokelela ekunyuseni kwe-10% kumngcipheko womhlaza ().

Ukongeza, uphando lweHlabathi kunye neSifo lubonise ukuba kwi-2017, ukufa kwe-11 yezigidi kunye ne-255 yezigidi zokukhubazeka-ukulungiswa kweminyaka yobomi (DALYs) kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokutya okungalunganga ().

Ii-DALYs zilinganisa umthwalo wesifo, iyunithi emele ilahleko yonyaka omnye wempilo epheleleyo ().

Ukutya okunesondlo kukhusela kwizifo

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukutya okuphezulu kokutya kwezityalo kunye nokutya okuncinci okucutshungulwayo komeleza impilo yakho.

Ngokomzekelo, ukutya kweMedithera, okutyebileyo kumafutha anempilo, ukutya okuziinkozo kunye nemifuno, kudibaniswa nomngcipheko wokunciphisa isifo senhliziyo, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, isifo sikashukela, i-cancer ethile kunye nokukhuluphala (, , ).

Ezinye iindlela zokutya eziye zabonakala zikhusela kwizifo ziquka ukutya okusekelwe kwizityalo, ukutya okupheleleyo, kunye (,) nokutya.

Enyanisweni, ezinye izidlo ziyakwazi ukuguqula iimeko ezithile.

Ngokomzekelo, ukutya okusekelwe kwizityalo kufunyenwe ukuguqula isifo senhliziyo, ngelixa iindlela zokuphila eziphantsi kakhulu ze-carb zinokunceda ukuphelisa uhlobo lwe-2 yeswekile kubantu abathile (,).

Ukongezelela, ukutya okunesondlo okufana nokudityaniswa nomgangatho wobomi obungcono bokuzibonakalisa kunye namazinga aphantsi okudakumba kunokutya okuqhelekileyo kwaseNtshona - kwaye kunokwandisa ubomi bakho obude (, , ).

Ezi ziphumo zingqina ukuba ukutya okuqinileyo ngokwenene kusebenza njengamayeza othintelo.

isishwankathelo Ukulandela ukutya okunempilo kunokunyusa ixesha elide, ukukhusela kwizifo, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bakho.

Ngaba ukutya kunokunyanga izifo?

Nangona ukhetho oluthile lokutya lunokuthintela okanye lwandise umngcipheko wesifo, ayizizo zonke izifo ezinokuthintelwa okanye zinyangwe ngokutya kuphela.

Ezinye izinto ezininzi zichaphazela impilo yakho kunye nomngcipheko wesifo

Umngcipheko wesifo unzima kakhulu. Nangona ukutya okungenamsoco kunokubangela okanye kufak’ isandla kwizifo, zininzi ezinye izinto ezimele ziqwalaselwe.

I-Genetics, ungcoliseko, ubudala, usulelo, imingcipheko yomsebenzi kunye nokukhetha indlela yokuphila - njengokungabikho kokuzivocavoca, ukutshaya kunye - kwakhona kunempembelelo (, , , , ).

Ukutya akukwazi ukuhlawulela ukhetho olubi lwendlela yokuphila, isimo sofuzo, okanye ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nokukhula kwesi sifo.

Ukutya akufuneki kusetyenziswe endaweni yamayeza

Nangona ukutshintshela ekutyeni okunempilo kunokuthintela izifo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukutya akukwazi kwaye akufuneki endaweni yeyeza.

Iyeza laphuhliswa ukusindisa ubomi kunye nokunyanga izifo. Nangona inokuthi ichazwe ngokugqithisileyo okanye isetyenziswe njengendlela yokulungisa lula, ihlala ixabiseke kakhulu.

Ngenxa yokuba ukuphiliswa akuxhomekekanga kuphela ekutyeni okanye kwindlela yokuphila, ukukhetha ukuyeka unyango olunokusindisa ubomi ukuze ugxile ekutyeni kuphela kunokuba yingozi kwaye kubulale.

Zilumkele izibhengezo zobuxoki

Ngelixa ubungqina besayensi bubonisa ukuba ukutya kunokunceda kwiimeko ezininzi zempilo, amabango anecdotal okuphilisa okanye ukunyanga izifo ngokutya okugqithisileyo okanye ezinye iindlela zihlala zibubuxoki.

Umzekelo, ukutya okupapashiweyo okanye ezinye iimeko ezimandundu azixhaswanga luphando kwaye zihlala zibiza kakhulu.

Ukuphepha unyango oluqhelekileyo olufana nekhemotherapy kwiirejimeni ezizezinye ezingangqinwanga kunokwenza izigulo zibe mandundu okanye kukhokelele ekufeni (,, ).

isishwankathelo Nangona ukutya okuninzi kuneengenelo ezinamandla ngokuchasene nesifo, ukutya akufanele kuthathwe njengokuthatha indawo yamayeza aqhelekileyo.

Ukutya okuneempawu ezinamandla zonyango


Ukutshintshela kwisidlo sokutya esipheleleyo kunokuphucula impilo yakho ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukutya okubonelela ngeenzuzo ezinamandla ngakumbi kubandakanya:

  • Amaqunube. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba izondlo kunye neekhompawundi zezityalo kumaqunube zilwa nesifo. Enyanisweni, ukutya okutyebileyo kuyo kunokukhusela kwizifo ezingapheliyo, kuquka neminye imihlaza ().
  • Imifuno yeCruciferous. Imifuno ye-Cruciferous efana ne-broccoli kunye ne-kale iqulethe uluhlu olubanzi lwe-antioxidants. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi mifuno kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo senhliziyo kunye nokukhuthaza ubomi obude ().
  • Iintlanzi ezinamafutha. I-Salmon, i-sardines, kunye nezinye iintlanzi ezinamafutha zilwa nokudumba ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu e-omega-3 fatty acids, ekwakhusela kwisifo senhliziyo ().
  • Amakhowa. Imichiza kumakhowa, kuquka i-maitake kunye ne-reishi, ibonakaliswe ukomeleza amajoni akho omzimba, intliziyo kunye nengqondo ().
  • Iziqholo. I-Turmeric, i-ginger, i-sinamon kunye nezinye iziqholo zigcwele iikhompawundi zezityalo ezinenzuzo. Ngokomzekelo, uphando luphawula ukuba lunceda ukunyanga isifo samathambo kunye nesifo se-metabolic syndrome (,).
  • Imifuno. Imifuno efana ne-parsley, i-oregano, i-rosemary, kunye ne-sage ayifaki nje incasa yendalo kwiitya, kodwa iqulethe ezininzi iikhompawundi zokukhuthaza impilo ().
  • Iti eluhlaza. Iti eluhlaza iye yaphandwa ngokubanzi ngeenzuzo zayo ezithandekayo, ezinokubandakanya ukunciphisa ukudumba kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi wesifo ().

Amandongomane, iimbewu, iiavokhado, ioli yomnquma, ubusi, ukhula lwaselwandle, nokutya okuvundisiweyo kumbalwa kokunye ukutya okuninzi okufundwayo ngenxa yeempawu zazo zonyango (,,,,,,,).

Ukutshintshela nje ekutyeni okutyebileyo kukutya okupheleleyo okufana neziqhamo kunye nemifuno yeyona ndlela ilula yokuvuna izibonelelo zamayeza zokutya.

isishwankathelo Amajikijolo, imifuno ye-cruciferous, intlanzi enamafutha, kunye namakhowa lukhetho nje lokutya olunika iimpawu ezinamandla zonyango.

Okubalulekileyo

Ukutya akwenzeki nje ukukunika amafutha. Oku kunokukhuthaza okanye kubi nakakhulu impilo, kuxhomekeke kwinto oyidlayo.

Ukutya okutyebileyo kwezondlo kuye kwaboniswa ukukhusela izifo ezininzi ezingapheliyo kwaye kunokunceda ukunyanga iimeko ezithile, ezifana nohlobo lwe-2 yeswekile.

Nangona kucacile ukuba ukulandela enye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini ubomi obude kunye nempilo, khumbula ukuba akufanele uthembele ekutyeni ukuze utshintshe iyeza eliqhelekileyo.

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