Umlutha wentsangu: Abaphandi bagxile kumazwe apho intsangu yokuzonwabisa isemthethweni.
- Entsha isifundo ufumanisa ukuba umlutha wonyukile phakathi kwabantu abancinci abahlala kumazwe apho i-cannabis yokuzonwabisa isemthethweni.
- Izinga lokukhotyokiswa lilonke lihlala lisezantsi, kodwa iziphumo ziyaxhalabisa iingcali.
- Ukongeza, iingcali zifunda ngakumbi malunga neziphumo ezibi zempilo zokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-cannabis.
Ukukhotyokiswa yintsangu
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Ekubeni intsangu yokuzonwabisa yayisemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi, iingcali ziye zazibuza ukuba amazinga okukhobokisa angaqala ukunyuka.
Ngoku uphando olutsha lufumanisa ukuba umlutha unyukile phakathi kwabantu abancinci abahlala kumazwe apho i-cannabis yokuzonwabisa isemthethweni, nangona ihlala iphantsi ngokubanzi.
Ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-Cannabis (CUD) phakathi kwe-12-17 yeminyaka ubudala inyuke nge-25% kumazwe asemthethweni ukususela ekubeni yamkelwe ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa, ukusuka kwi-2,18% ukuya kwi-2,72%.
Phakathi kwabantu abadala abangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-26, ukusetyenziswa kwentsangu kwakungama-26% aphezulu kumazwe avumela ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa xa kuthelekiswa nalawo angazange ayenze.
Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwanda nge-23% kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis kwanda nge-37% kwiqela elifanayo leminyaka, ukusuka kwi-0,90% ukuya kwi-1,23%.
I-CUD ikwabizwa ngokuba likhoboka lentsangu.
Olu lwando olufanayo aluzange lubonwe phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kuma-25.
Nangona inqanaba lilonke le-CUD lihleli lisezantsi, uphando luphendula imibuzo ethile malunga nefuthe lokumiselwa ngokusemthethweni kwentsangu kumazinga okulutha.
Uphononongo luqhutywe liqela elivela kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia yeSikolo seMpilo yoLuntu kunye ne-NYU Grossman School of Medicine, kwaye yapapashwa kwi-JAMA Psychiatry.
Intsangu idliwe ngamanani
I-CUD inokudityaniswa kwixesha elide elibi lempilo, ifuthe lezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle, utshilo uGqr Silvia S. Martins, unjingalwazi onxulumene neYunivesithi yaseColumbia, kunye nombhali ophezulu.
Iqela likaMartins lijonge idatha kubantu abangama-505 abavela kuPhando lweSizwe lokuSetyenziswa kweZiyobisi kunye neMpilo. Bathelekisa idatha evela eColorado, eWashington, eAlaska nase-Oregon - amazwe amane okuqala ukwenza ngokusemthethweni intsangu yokuzonwabisa - kunye namazwe angazange ayenze ibe semthethweni.
Idatha iqokelelwe phakathi kwe-2008 kunye ne-2016. Bajonge kumaqela eminyaka yobudala: 12 ukuya kwi-17, i-18 ukuya kwi-25, kunye ne-26 nangaphezulu. I-marijuana yokuzonwabisa yayisemthethweni eColorado naseWashington kwi-2012; e Alaska ngo 2014 kunye Oregon ngo 2014. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, 11 U.S. States and Washington, D.C., baye ngokusemthethweni intsangu yokuzonwabisa. Isemthethweni ngeenjongo zonyango kumazwe angama-33.
Iqela alizange lihlule ukuba ngaba abasebenzisi bathathe intsangu ngokuzonwabisa okanye ngokwezonyango. Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba abanye abasebenzisi beziyobisi bakwasebenzisa ngokuzonwabisa. Ke kunzima ukutsho ukuba i-CUD ixhaphake kakhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezolonwabo kunabasebenzisi bamayeza, utshilo uMartins.
Uphononongo lwangaphambili luka-2019 lwafumanisa ukuba i-CUD yayixhaphake kakhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezolonwabo kunye nabezonyango kunaphakathi kwabo bayisebenzisayo ngokuzonwabisa.
Abantu abaninzi kufuneka bazi malunga ne-CUD, kodwa kufuneka bazi ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzisi bentsangu abayi kuphuhlisa iCUD, utshilo uMartins.
Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa okuyingxaki
I-CUD yipatheni eyingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis ebangela ukuchaphazeleka okubalulekileyo kwezonyango okanye uxinzelelo. Ukuxilongwa kubandakanya ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo emininzi kwithuba leenyanga ezili-12.
Njengoko uphando lubonise ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kunye nengxaki phakathi kwawo onke amaqela eminyaka ubudala, iinzame zokusemthethweni kufuneka zenziwe kunye nenkxaso-mali yokuthintela kunye nonyango, watsho.
Iimpawu zokuqala ze-CUD ziquka ukufumana, ukusebenzisa, kunye nokoyisa iziphumo zamayeza. Umntu one-CUD unokuqalisa ukusebenzisa yedwa endaweni yokusebenzela ekuhlaleni. Banokuphepha iindawo ezithile apho bangakwaziyo ukuyisebenzisa, okanye baphephe abanye ekuchaseni ukusetyenziswa kwabo. Ukukhubazeka kwenkumbulo, kunye nokuphoswa komsebenzi okanye ixesha lesikolo, kunokuba yinto eqhelekileyo.
Kudla ngokuba nzima ukubona umntu one-CUD xa kuthelekiswa nomntu one-opioid okanye one-alcohol disorder ngenxa yokuba abanakufane basebenzise i-overdose okanye babanjwe ngenxa yokuqhuba bephantsi kweempembelelo 'ukunxila, wongezelela uGqr. ugqirha wengqondo kwiZiko lezoNyango laseBeth Israel Deaconess. EBoston.
Akukho mayeza akhoyo okunyanga ngempumelelo i-CUD.
UDeborah Hasin, Ph.D., unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia, uthi kukho ukunqongophala kolwazi malunga namaqela athile abantu abaphuhlisa iCUD ngenxa yokutshintsha imithetho yentsangu.
Iimbono zeCUD
Ulutsha lufanele lwazi ukuba ukukhotyokiswa yintsangu kunokuluthintela ekufikeleleni elona nqanaba libalulekileyo ebomini babo, watsho uJohn F. Kelly, PhD, unjingalwazi wezifo zengqondo kwiSikolo Sezamayeza saseHarvard.
“Njengaso nasiphi na isiyobisi, kubandakanywa notywala, abanye basengozini ngakumbi kwiziphumo zaso kunabanye ngokwemfuza, kwaye abanye baya kuxhomekeka kuyo, kube neziphumo ezibi,” wongeze watsho uKelly.
Malunga nesi-1,5 ekhulwini sabantu abadala ngokubanzi eUnited States bafikelela imilinganiselo yokuba neCUD. Enye idatha ibonise ukuba iyehla.
Abantu abayiboni i-cannabis njengento ekhobokisayo kuba abantu abane-CUD abanayo ibalulekileyo, kwaye ibeka ubomi esichengeni, iziphumo zokuyeka ezifana neenxila okanye amakhoboka e-opiate, utshilo uGqr.
UBoyd akazange amangaliswa kukuba abantu abaninzi basebenzisa i-cannabis xa isemthethweni. Ukonyuka kokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis kunokunxulunyaniswa nokuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto eziyingozi, utshilo. Ukuba abantu, umzekelo, batshintsha enye okanye yonke icuba kunye / okanye ukusetyenziswa kotywala nge-cannabis, ukonyuka kokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis kunokuba sisiphumo esihle sokusemthethweni. Ngokwembono yezempilo yoluntu, uBoyd ukholelwa ukuba inikotini kunye notywala ziyingozi ngakumbi kune-cannabis. Kodwa intsangu inokukhobokisa kwaye ibe yingozi, waphawula.
“Kodwa ukuba likhoboka kuthetha okungaphezulu nje kokuba neziphumo ezibi zokurhoxa,” utshilo uBoyd.
Ezinye iziphumo ezisecaleni zeMarijuana
Nangona i-CUD phakathi kolutsha ikhula, uBoyd wavuya kukufumanisa ukuba akukho mahluko mkhulu kumazwe apho isemthethweni.
"Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis, ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kakhulu, kunokuba yingozi kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo," utshilo uBoyd.
"Ukusetyenziswa kweli chiza kuyakhobokisa, kunokwenzakalisa kakhulu ukukhula kwengqondo, kwandisa umngcipheko wokugula ngengqondo, kwaye kunokuxela kwangaphambili ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwixesha elizayo," utshilo uKevin Sabet, PhD, umongameli weSmart Approaches to Marijuana.
“Siyazi ukuba umsebenzisi omncinci xa eqala ukuyisebenzisa, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba abe likhoboka,” utshilo.
UGqirha wotyando Jikelele waseUnited States uJerome Adams uthe phantse umntwana omnye kwabahlanu oqalisa ukusebenzisa intsangu ngoxa eselula uya kuba likhoboka.
Isiphumo samva nje se-CUD kukugabha okungalawulekiyo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.
Ukuqheleka kwentsangu ngokuqinisekileyo "sisiqalo nje seengxaki zempilo," utshilo uSabet.
Abasebenzisi bezolonwabo kunye nezonyango bobabini basemngciphekweni wokuba likhoboka, njengoko zombini iimarike zikhuthaza kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezinamandla kakhulu, utshilo uSabet.
I-Sabet ifuna ukuba kwenziwe okungakumbi ukulumkisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngemingcipheko ekhoyo ekusetyenzisweni kwentsangu.
"Abantu kufuneka baqonde ukuba bebesoloko besondliwa ngobuxoki kunye nobuvuvu boshishino lwentsangu kwaye kufuneka benze okungakumbi ukunqanda iinzame zokumisa ngokusemthethweni kumazwe abo nakwinqanaba lomdibaniso," utshilo uSabet.
Kwizihloko ezinxulumeneyo, uphando olunikezelwe kwi-American Heart Association Scientific Sessions lubonise ukuba abantu abancinci abane-CUD basengozini enkulu yeengxaki zesigqi sentliziyo.
