Matenda a Autism ndizovuta komanso zosokoneza chitukuko, ndipo zikuwonjezeka.
Bungwe la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) posachedwapa linalengeza kuti kufalikira kwa autism kwawonjezeka kufika pa mwana mmodzi pa 1 obadwa ku United States.
Mu 2007, CDC inanena kuti mwana mmodzi mwa 150 anali ndi autism (kutengera deta ya 2002 kuchokera kumadera 14).
Sizikudziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha ziwerengero zabwinoko kudzera mu chidziwitso chowonjezereka cha autism ndi kupeza bwino kwa mautumiki.
Mosasamala kanthu, kafukufuku wambiri amasonyeza kuti autism sichimayambitsidwa ndi katemera, palibe chifukwa chimodzi chodziwika.
Asayansi akufufuza zotheka monga majini osakhazikika, mavuto apakati kapena pobereka, komanso zinthu zachilengedwe monga matenda oyambitsidwa ndi ma virus komanso kukhudzana ndi mankhwala.
Dr. Alan S. Brown, MPH, katswiri wa zamaganizo ndi miliri pa yunivesite ya Columbia, wathera nthawi yambiri yofufuza zinthu zomwe zingayambitse matenda a autism komanso schizophrenia ndi bipolar disorder.
Kuphunzira kwake kwaposachedwa pa autism kungakhale m'gulu lake lofunikira kwambiri.
Brown ndi gulu lake lapadziko lonse lapansi adawunika kulumikizana komwe kulipo pakati pa autism ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a DDT.
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku United States koma idaletsedwa mu 1972 ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Richard Nixon chifukwa idawonedwa ngati yovulaza chilengedwe, nyama komanso imatha kukhala anthu.
Nanga n’cifukwa ciani a Brown amathera nthawi yophunzila mankhwala oteteza kutsitsi amene anali oletsedwa ku United States pafupifupi zaka 50 zapitazo?
Chifukwa DDT imangokhalira kugulitsa chakudya, adatero. Zitha kutenga zaka makumi angapo kuti zigwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azilumikizana ndi anthu, kuphatikizapo amayi apakati.
Kafukufuku wa Brown ndi gulu lake lapadziko lonse la amayi oyembekezera opitilira miliyoni miliyoni ku Finland adawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa metabolite ya DDT m'mwazi wa amayi apakati komanso kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha autism mwa ana awo.
Zamkatimu
Zimene phunzirolo linavumbula
Zotsatira za phunziroli, motsogoleredwa ndi Brown ndi ofufuza ena a Mailman School of Public Health ya Columbia University ndi Dipatimenti ya Psychiatry, adasindikizidwa lero mu American Journal of Psychiatry.
Wochitidwa mogwirizana ndi ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Turku ndi National Institute of Health and Welfare ku Finland, kafukufukuyu ndi woyamba kugwirizanitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku chiopsezo cha autism pogwiritsa ntchito biomarkers kuwonetseredwa kwa amayi.
Kafukufukuyu adayang'ananso momwe amayi amawonekera ku PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), gulu lina la zowononga zachilengedwe, ndipo adatsimikiza kuti panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa zinthuzi ndi autism.
Brown adati gulu lake lidazindikira milandu 778 ya autism mwa ana obadwa pakati pa 1987 ndi 2005 pakati pa azimayi omwe adalembetsa nawo gulu la amayi oyembekezera ku Finland, omwe akuyimira 98% ya amayi apakati ku Finland.
Anagwirizanitsa awiriawiri a amayi ndi mwana ndi gulu lolamulira la ana a amayi ndi ana opanda autism.
Magazi a amayi omwe amatengedwa kumayambiriro kwa mimba adawunikidwa kuti apeze DDE, metabolite ya DDT, ndi PCBs.
Ofufuzawo adanena kuti adapeza kuti zovuta za autism ndi luntha laluntha mwa ana zidawonjezeka kawiri kwa amayi omwe mlingo wa DDE unali pamwamba pa quartile.
Kwa zitsanzo zonse za matenda a autism, zovutazo zinali pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu apamwamba pakati pa ana omwe ali ndi DDE ya amayi.
Zotsatirazo zidapitilira pambuyo posintha zinthu zingapo monga zaka za amayi komanso mbiri yamisala. Panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa PCB za amayi ndi autism, Brown adatero.
"Phunziroli limatipatsa mwayi watsopano wowopsa womwe uli wofala m'chilengedwe ndipo ukhoza kuyimira milandu yochepa, koma osati ochepa chabe ponena za chiopsezo," Brown anauza Healthline.
Tsoka ilo, a Brown adati, mankhwalawa akadalipobe m'chilengedwe ndipo amapezeka m'magazi athu ndi minofu.
Iye anati: “Mwa amayi apakati, amapatsira mwana wosabadwayo. "Kuphatikiza pa majini ndi chilengedwe, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti kukhudzana ndi poizoni wa DDT asanabadwe kungayambitse autism."
Gulu la Brown lidapereka zifukwa ziwiri zomwe adawona kuti kukhudzidwa kwa amayi ku DDE kunali kolumikizidwa ndi autism, koma kuwonekera kwa amayi ku PCB sikunali.
Ma PCB, kapena ma polychlorinated biphenyls, ndi zinthu zamakampani kapena mankhwala oletsedwa ku United States mu 1979.
Choyamba, gulu la Brown linalongosola, EDD ya amayi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulemera kochepa, chomwe chimayambitsa chiopsezo cha autism. Mosiyana ndi izi, kuwonekera kwa amayi ku PCB sikunagwirizane ndi kulemera kochepa.
Chachiwiri, gulu la Brown likuwonetsa kumangidwa kwa ma androgen receptors, njira yofunika kwambiri mu neurodevelopment.
Kafukufuku wa makoswe adapeza kuti DDE imaletsa kumangiriza kwa androgen receptor, zomwe zimawonekeranso mu mtundu wa makoswe wa autism.
Mosiyana ndi izi, ma PCB amawonjezera kulembedwa kwa androgen receptor.
Ndemanga za asayansi ena
Mofanana ndi kafukufuku wambiri wokhudza autism, kafukufukuyu amabweretsa kusagwirizana pakati pa akatswiri.
Tracey Woodruff, Ph.D., MPH, yemwe amaphunzira za uchembere wabwino ndi chilengedwe pa yunivesite ya California, San Francisco, anauza Nature lero kuti phunziroli “ndilodabwitsadi. »
Anatinso adachita chidwi ndi kuchuluka komanso mtundu wa zitsanzo zomwe zili munkhokwe ya ku Finnish ndipo adapeza mgwirizano pakati pa DDT ndi autism kukhala wodabwitsa.
"Izi zikungotsimikizira kuti kuletsa [DDT] kunali lingaliro labwino," akutero
Koma a Thomas Frazier, PhD, mkulu wa sayansi ya Autism Speaks, sanachite chidwi ndi kafukufukuyu.
Anachitcha kuti chofunika koma osati chosintha.
"Izi zikuwonetsa china chomwe chingayambitse chiwopsezo cha chilengedwe, DDT, komanso sichimatengera zomwe zidadziwika kale, ma PCB," adauza Healthline. "Izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zitsanzo zazikulu zobwerezabwereza, makamaka pazowopsa za autism. »
Frazier adati njira yomwe DDT ingachulukitsire autism "sikudziwika, ndipo sikungakhale koyenera kulingalira mpaka zomwe zapezazo zitabwerezedwanso. Ndizotheka kuti DDT ngati poizoni imakhudza mawonekedwe a majini muubongo womwe ukukula. »
"Chidziwitso china chofunikira mu kafukufukuyu," anawonjezera Frazier, "ndikuti mayanjano sikutanthauza chifukwa. Ngakhale olembawo adazindikira milandu yofanana ndi maulamuliro ndikusintha pazinthu zoyenera, sizingatheke kuletsa mafotokozedwe ena. ”
"Pansi pake: Kafukufukuyu siwongoyambira, koma adachita bwino ndipo akuwonetsa kufunikira kobwerezabwereza ndikuganizira mosamala za DDT mtsogolo," adatero Frazier.
Yankho lochokera kwa wotsogolera phunzirolo
Brown adati adagwirizana ndi zambiri zomwe Frazier adanena, koma osati zonse.
"Ndikuvomereza kuti pali kufunikira kobwerezabwereza, koma ngati phunzirolo likuphwanyidwa kapena ayi, ili ndilo phunziro loyamba lochokera ku biomarker, ndipo ndilofunika kuzindikira," adatero Brown.
Brown adati kafukufukuyu akufuna kuti pakhale maphunziro opitilira kuyang'ana njira zina ndi mankhwala ena, kuphatikiza mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo.
"Izi, pamodzi ndi umboni wina, zitithandiza kumvetsa bwino biology ya autism," adatero Brown. “Tikuphunzira tsiku lililonse ndipo tikuyembekeza kuphunzira zambiri. »
Brown adati kafukufukuyu sayenera kuwopseza amayi omwe akudikirira.
Anati amayi ambiri, ngakhale omwe ali ndi DDT metabolite, alibe ana omwe ali ndi autism.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuti autistic ikakule, pafunika kuphatikizira zinthu zina zoopsa, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa ma genetic.
"Zingakhale kuti mukufunikira mtundu wina wa chibadwa" komanso kukhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe kuti mukhale ndi autism, adatero.
Brown adati kafukufuku wamtunduwu atha kubweretsa chithandizo pozindikira gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi chibadwa.
"Chofunikira ndikuzindikira chandamale, chomwe chingapangitse izi kukhala zamankhwala olondola," adatero Brown.
Anawonjezeranso kuti palinso umboni wakuti mu autism, gawo la chitetezo cha mthupi "likhoza kusokonezedwa."
Autism ndi chitetezo chamthupi
Kafukufuku wina wofunikira wokhudza autism, wofalitsidwa masabata angapo apitawo, adatsimikiza kuti kukula kwa autism kumatsimikiziridwa ndi microbiome ya mayi wapakati panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati.
Zomwe asayansi apeza ku University of Virginia (UVA) School of Medicine zikuwonetsa kuti mitundu ina ya autism ikhoza kupewedwa.
Pakafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa mwezi watha mu Journal of Immunology, asayansi adatsimikiza kuti tizilombo ta amayi omwe ali ndi pakati amatha kuyankha mayankho a interleukin-17A (IL-17A), omwe amathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa matenda a autism.
Interleukin-17A ndi molekyulu yotupa yomwe imapangidwa ndi chitetezo chamthupi.
Ofufuza a UVA anapeza kuti zotsatira za microbiome pa chitukuko cha autism zingathe kupewedwa mwa kusintha microbiome ya mayi woyembekezera mwa kukonza zakudya zake, kupatsa mayi woyembekezera mankhwala owonjezera a probiotic, kapena kumuika chimbudzi.
Yankho lina lingakhale kuletsa mwachindunji IL-17A siginecha, koma izi zitha kukhala zovuta.
"Tidatsimikiza kuti microbiome ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chodziwira kutengeka [ku vuto la autism]. Chifukwa chake izi zikutanthauza kuti mutha kulunjika ku microbiome ya amayi kapena molekyulu yotupa iyi, IL-17A," wofufuzayo adatero. wamkulu, John Lukens, PhD, wa UVA's department of Neuroscience.
"Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito izi [IL-17A] ngati biomarker kuti muzindikire msanga," adatero Lukens potulutsa atolankhani.
Anafotokoza kuti microbiome imatha kuumba ubongo womwe ukukula m'njira zingapo.
"Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timafunikira kudziwa momwe chitetezo cha mthupi cha ana chidzayankhira matenda, kuvulala kapena kupsinjika," adatero.
Kafukufuku wa Lukens akuwonetsa kuti microbiome yopanda thanzi mwa mayi imatha kusiya ana ake pachiwopsezo cha matenda a neurodevelopmental, koma imatha kusinthidwa mosavuta.
Njira zonsezi zimafuna kubwezeretsa thanzi labwino pakati pa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timakhala m'matumbo, ngakhale ochita kafukufuku sanapangebe malingaliro enieni a zakudya.
Kuletsa IL-17A kungaperekenso njira yopewera autism, koma Lukens adati njirayo imakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu.
"Ngati mukuganiza za mimba, thupi limalandira minofu yachilendo, yomwe ndi khanda," adatero. "Chotsatira chake, kukhala ndi thanzi labwino la embryonic kumafuna kusamala kwambiri kwa chitetezo cha mthupi, kotero anthu amapewa kusokoneza chitetezo cha mthupi panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati. »
IL-17A yakhala ikukhudzidwa kale ndi matenda monga nyamakazi ya nyamakazi, multiple sclerosis ndi psoriasis. Pali kale mankhwala othana nawo.
Koma Lukens adanenanso kuti molekyuluyo ili ndi cholinga chofunikira polimbana ndi matenda, makamaka matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Kuletsa, iye akutero, “kungakuchititseni kukhala pachiwopsezo cha matenda amitundumitundu. Ndipo kuchita zimenezi pamene ali ndi pakati kungakhale ndi zotsatira zovuta pakukula kwa ana zomwe asayansi angafunikire kuzivumbulutsa. »
Mkangano wokhudza mankhwala ophera tizirombo ndi udzu ukupitilira
Kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizirombo ndi herbicides kwa anthu akhala akukangana kuyambira kalekale.
DDT, yomwe idapangidwa koyamba mu 1874, idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse polimbana ndi malungo, typhus, nsabwe zam'thupi ndi mliri wa bubonic.
Alimi ankagwiritsa ntchito DDT pa mbewu zosiyanasiyana za chakudya ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo DDT inagwiritsidwanso ntchito m’nyumba pofuna kuthana ndi tizirombo.
Padziko lonse lapansi, DDT ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito pang’onopang’ono m’mayiko popheratu udzudzu, kuphatikizapo umene umanyamula malungo.
DDT inali yotchuka kwambiri chifukwa ndi yogwira mtima, yotsika mtengo kupanga, ndipo imatenga nthawi yaitali m'chilengedwe.
Mu 2006, bungwe la World Health Organization linathandizira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ngati njira yothana ndi malungo.
Magulu ena oteteza zachilengedwe amathandizira kuti DDT isagwiritsidwe ntchito pothana ndi vuto la malungo, koma magulu ena akuti kupopera mankhwala kwa DDT ndikovulaza.
Ena, monga Cato Institute, akufuna kubweretsa DDT ku United States.
Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti DDT ndi metabolite DDE yake imakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana pa thanzi la munthu, kuphatikizapo kutaya mimba ndi kulemera kochepa, kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi ndi chiwindi, ndi khansa ya m'mawere.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo pankhondo kuchokera ku Monsanto
Monsanto, kampani ya mankhwala yomwe inayambitsa mikangano pazambiri za mankhwala ake opangidwa ndi mankhwala - kuchokera ku PCBs kupita ku hormone ya kukula kwa ng'ombe, polystyrene ndi Agent Orange (dioxin) - anali mmodzi mwa oyamba kupanga DDT.
Monsanto anaumirira kwa zaka zambiri kuti DDT inali yotetezeka. Ndipo tsopano mankhwala ena a Monsanto ali pamoto chifukwa choyambitsa khansa.
Sabata yatha, khoti la San Francisco linagamula kuti Roundup ya Monsanto, wogulitsa udzu wogulitsidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, adayambitsa lymphoma yomwe si ya Hodgkin kwa ogwira ntchito kusukulu.
Dewayne Johnson, yemwe akuti atsala pang'ono kufa ndi khansa, adalandira $289 miliyoni pakuwonongeka.
Pambuyo pa chigamulocho, a Monsanto adatulutsa mawu akuti adayimilira ndi kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti Roundup sinayambitse khansa.
"Tidzadandaula chigamulochi ndikupitiriza kuteteza mwamphamvu mankhwalawa, omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito motetezeka kwa zaka 40 ndipo amakhalabe chida chofunikira, chothandiza komanso chotetezeka kwa alimi ndi ena," anatero Scott Partridge, vicezidenti wa Monsanto.
Kupambana kwa Johnson kutha kukhala chitsanzo pamilandu ena masauzande ambiri omwe amati mankhwala ophera udzu a Monsanto adayambitsa non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Mlandu wa Johnson unali woyamba kuzenga mlandu chifukwa anali pafupi kufa. Ku California, oimba mlandu omwe akufa amatha kupempha kuti ayesedwe mwachangu
Monsanto anali ndi chitetezo chofanana ndi Agent Orange, herbicide yodziwika bwino yomwe Dipatimenti ya Veterans Affairs tsopano ikuvomereza kuti inavulaza zikwi zikwi za asilikali a ku America.
"Kampani yakale ya Monsanto inapanga DDT kuchokera ku 1944 mpaka 1957, pamene inasiya kupanga chifukwa cha zachuma," kampaniyo ikulemba pa webusaiti yake.
"Kuyimitsidwaku kudachitika kalekale nkhani za chilengedwe zisanabweretsedwe, ndipo mpaka pano, sitikupanga kapena kugawa. Pali, komabe, zonena za phindu la DDT. Bungwe la World Health Organization lati DDT ndi njira yabwino yopewera malungo, matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu amene amapha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse. »
Monsanto idagulidwa posachedwa ndi Bayer, kampani yopanga mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi yomwe chaka chatha idalandira chilolezo kuchokera ku Food and Drug Administration kuti igulitse imodzi mwamankhwala ake atsopano komanso odalirika kwambiri, Aliqopa, omwe amathandizira omwe si a Hodgkin's lymphoma.
