Anthu ena angaganize za vuto la kadyedwe ngati magawo, masitayelo, kapena zosankha za moyo, koma kwenikweni ndi vuto lalikulu lamalingaliro.
Amakhudza anthu mwakuthupi, m'maganizo ndi m'magulu ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zoika moyo pachiswe.
Ndipotu, vuto la kudya tsopano likuzindikiridwa mwalamulo monga matenda a maganizo ndi Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Ku United States kokha, pafupifupi akazi 20 miliyoni ndi amuna 10 miliyoni anadwalapo kapena akhala ndi vuto la kadyedwe panthaŵi ina ya moyo wawo (1).
Nkhani yotsatirayi ikufotokoza 6 mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri ya vuto la kudya ndi zizindikiro zake.
Zamkatimu
Kodi vuto la kudya ndi chiyani?
Matenda a kadyedwe ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasonyezedwa ndi kusadya bwino kapena kusokonezeka kwa kadyedwe.
Izi nthawi zambiri zimabwera chifukwa chotengeka kwambiri ndi chakudya, kulemera kapena mawonekedwe a thupi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadzetsa mavuto azaumoyo. Nthawi zina, vuto la kadyedwe limatsogolera ku imfa.
Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya akhoza kukhala ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuletsa kwambiri zakudya, kudya kwambiri, kapena kusala kudya kosayenera monga kusanza kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti vuto la kadyedwe limakhudza anthu amtundu uliwonse kapena pamlingo uliwonse wa moyo, limapezeka kawirikawiri mwa atsikana ndi anyamata. M'malo mwake, pafupifupi 13% ya achinyamata ali pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi vuto limodzi lakudya pofika zaka 20 (2).
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Kusokonezeka kwa kadyedwe ndi vuto lamalingaliro lomwe limadziwika ndi kutengeka ndi kulimbitsa thupi kapena chakudya. Angakhudze aliyense, koma amapezeka kwambiri mwa atsikana.
Kodi zimayambitsa chiyani?
Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti vuto la kadyedwe limayamba chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Chimodzi mwa izo ndi chibadwa. Maphunziro a mapasa ndi kulera ana, omwe amayang'ana kwambiri mapasa olekanitsidwa pa kubadwa ndi kutengedwa ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana, amapereka umboni wina wosonyeza kuti matenda a kadyedwe amatha kukhala cholowa.
Kafukufuku wamtunduwu wawonetsa kuti ngati mapasa amodzi ayamba ndi vuto la kudya, wachiwiri amakhala ndi mwayi wa 50% wokhala nawonso, pafupifupi (3).
Makhalidwe aumunthu ndi chifukwa china. Makamaka, neuroticism, kufunitsitsa kuchita zinthu mwangwiro, komanso kutengeka ndi mikhalidwe itatu yomwe nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi vuto la kudya (3).
Zina zomwe zingayambitse ndi monga kukakamizidwa kukhala wochepa thupi, kukonda zikhalidwe za kuonda, komanso kuwonetsedwa ndi ma TV omwe amalimbikitsa malingaliro otere (3).
M'malo mwake, zovuta zina zamadyedwe zimawoneka ngati kulibe m'zikhalidwe zomwe sizinawonedwe ndi malingaliro aku Western onena kuti woonda (4).
Izi zati, malingaliro oonda ovomerezeka mwachikhalidwe ali ofala kwambiri m'madera ambiri a dziko lapansi. Komabe, m’mayiko ena, ndi anthu ochepa okha amene amadwala matenda ovutika kudya. Choncho, n'kutheka kuti pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli.
Posachedwapa, akatswiri anena kuti kusiyana kwa kamangidwe ka ubongo ndi biology kungathandizenso kukulitsa vuto la kadyedwe.
Makamaka, milingo ya amithenga a ubongo serotonin ndi dopamine atha kukhala zinthu (5, 6).
Komabe, maphunziro ochulukirapo akufunika asanatsimikizidwe zotsimikizika.
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Matenda a kadyedwe angayambidwe ndi zinthu zingapo. Izi ndi monga majini, biology yaubongo, mikhalidwe yamunthu, komanso zikhalidwe.
1. Matenda a anorexia nervosa
Vuto la anorexia nervosa mwina ndilo matenda odziwika bwino a kadyedwe.
Nthawi zambiri imayamba akadali wachinyamata kapena akakula ndipo imakonda kukhudza azimayi ambiri kuposa amuna (7).
Anthu odwala anorexia nthawi zambiri amadziona ngati onenepa kwambiri, ngakhale atakhala ochepa kwambiri. Amakonda kuyang'anitsitsa kulemera kwawo, kupewa kudya mitundu ina ya zakudya, ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri ma calories.
Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za anorexia nervosa ndi (8):
- Kukhala wonenepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anthu amsinkhu wofanana ndi kutalika.
- Zakudya zoletsedwa kwambiri.
- Kuwopa kwambiri kunenepa kapena kuchita zinthu mosalekeza kuti mupewe kunenepa, ngakhale kuti ndinu onenepa kwambiri.
- Kufunafuna kuonda kosalekeza komanso kusafuna kukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino.
- Chikoka cholemera cha thupi kapena mawonekedwe a thupi pa kudzidalira.
- Maonekedwe olakwika a thupi, kuphatikizapo kukana kulemera kwakukulu.
Zizindikiro za kutengeka maganizo zimakhalanso nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri amene ali ndi vuto la anorexia amakhala otanganidwa ndi zongoganizira za chakudya, ndipo ena amatha kutolera maphikidwe kapena kuzibisa monyanyira.
Anthu ameneŵa angakhalenso ndi vuto la kudya pamaso pa anthu ndipo amakhala ndi chikhumbo champhamvu cha kulamulira malo awo okhala, zimene zimawalepheretsa kuchita zinthu mwachisawawa.
Matenda a anorexia amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mtundu woletsa komanso kudya mopambanitsa ndi kuyeretsa (8).
Anthu amtundu woletsa amachepa thupi chifukwa cha kudya, kusala kudya, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri.
Anthu omwe amadya kwambiri kapena kutsuka amatha kudya kwambiri kapena osadya konse. Pazochitika zonsezi, akatha kudya, amatsuka pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga kusanza, kumwa mankhwala otsekemera kapena okodzetsa, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mopitirira muyeso.
Anorexia akhoza kuwononga kwambiri thupi. M’kupita kwa nthawi, anthu amene ali ndi vutoli amatha kuwonda mafupa, kusabereka, tsitsi lophwanyika komanso zikhadabo, komanso tsitsi losalala thupi lonse (9).
Pazovuta kwambiri, matenda a anorexia angayambitse mtima, ubongo, kapena kulephera kwa ziwalo zambiri ndi imfa.
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la anorexia nervosa akhoza kuchepetsa kudya kwawo kapena kubwezera ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana oyeretsa. Amaopa kunenepa kwambiri, ngakhale atachepa kwambiri.
2. bulimia nervosa
Bulimia ndi vuto linanso lodziwika bwino la kadyedwe.
Monga anorexia, bulimia imakonda kukula paunyamata komanso uchikulire ndipo imawoneka ngati yocheperako mwa amuna kuposa akazi (7).
Anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia nthawi zambiri amadya zakudya zochuluka kwambiri m'kanthawi kochepa.
Kudya mopitirira muyeso kumapitirira mpaka munthuyo atakhuta mopweteka. Kuonjezera apo, panthawi yoledzera, munthuyo nthawi zambiri amamva ngati sangathe kusiya kudya kapena kulamulira kuchuluka kwa kudya.
Kudya kwambiri kumatha kuchitika ndi mitundu yonse yazakudya, koma nthawi zambiri ndi zakudya zomwe munthu amapewa.
Anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia ndiye amayesa kuyeretsa kuti abwezere zopatsa mphamvu zomwe amadya ndikuchepetsa matumbo am'mimba.
Makhalidwe abwino oyeretsa amaphatikizapo kusanza mokakamiza, kusala kudya, mankhwala otsekemera, okodzetsa, enemas, ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri.
Zizindikiro zimatha kuwoneka zofanana kwambiri ndi kudya mopambanitsa kapena kutsuka mitundu ya anorexia nervosa. Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi thupi labwinobwino m'malo mowonda.
Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za bulimia nervosa ndi (8):
- Kudya mobwerezabwereza, ndikumverera kopanda kudziletsa
- Zochitika zobwerezabwereza za makhalidwe osayenera otsuka pofuna kupewa kulemera
- Kudzidalira kumatengeranso maonekedwe a thupi ndi kulemera kwake
- Kuopa kunenepa, ngakhale kukhala ndi kulemera kwabwinobwino
Zotsatira za bulimia zingaphatikizepo kutupa ndi zilonda zapakhosi, zotupa zotupa m'malovu, mano owonongeka, kuwola kwa mano, acid reflux, kukwiya kwamatumbo, kutaya madzi m'thupi, komanso kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni (9).
Zikavuta kwambiri, bulimia imathanso kuyambitsa kusalinganika kwa ma electrolyte m'thupi monga sodium, potaziyamu ndi calcium. Izi zingayambitse matenda a stroke kapena matenda a mtima.
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Anthu omwe ali ndi bulimia nervosa amadya chakudya chambiri m'kanthawi kochepa kenako amatsuka. Amaopa kunenepa mosasamala kanthu za kulemera kwawo kwachibadwa.
3. Kusadya Mopambanitsa
Vuto la kudya mopambanitsa ladziwika posachedwapa monga vuto la kadyedwe.
Komabe, pakali pano akukhulupirira kuti ndi amodzi mwazovuta zomwe zimachitika pakudya, makamaka ku United States (10).
Vuto la kudya mopambanitsa nthawi zambiri limayamba akadali achichepere komanso akamakula, ngakhale amathanso mtsogolo.
Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amakhala ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi za bulimia kapena kudya kwambiri kwa anorexia.
Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amadya zakudya zambiri m'kanthawi kochepa ndipo nthawi zambiri amalephera kudziletsa pakudya kwambiri.
Komabe, mosiyana ndi zovuta ziwiri zam'mbuyomo, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya mopambanitsa sayenera kuchepetsa kudya kwawo kwa kalori kapena kuchita zinthu zoyeretsa monga kusanza kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti athetse kudya kwawo mopambanitsa.
Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za vuto la kudya mopambanitsa ndi monga (8):
- Idyani zakudya zambiri mwachangu, mobisa, mpaka kukhuta, ngakhale sakumva njala.
- Kumva kusadziletsa pa nthawi ya vuto la kudya mopambanitsa.
- Kupsinjika maganizo, monga manyazi, kunyansidwa, kapena kudziimba mlandu, kokhudzana ndi kudya mopambanitsa.
- Osagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe otsuka, monga kuletsa ma calorie, kusanza, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mopitilira muyeso, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ofewetsa thukuta kapena okodzetsa, kubwezera kupsa.
Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya mopambanitsa nthawi zambiri amakhala onenepa kwambiri kapena onenepa kwambiri. Izi zitha kukulitsa chiwopsezo cha zovuta zamankhwala zokhudzana ndi kunenepa kwambiri, monga matenda amtima, sitiroko, ndi mtundu wa 2 shuga (11).
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudya mopambanitsa nthawi zonse komanso mosadziletsa amadya zakudya zambiri m'kanthawi kochepa. Mosiyana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lina la kudya, samatsukidwa.
4. Pizza
Pica ndi vuto linanso latsopano lomwe ladziwika posachedwapa ngati vuto la kudya ndi DSM.
Anthu okhala ndi pica amalakalaka zinthu zosakhala chakudya monga ayezi, dothi, nthaka, choko, sopo, mapepala, tsitsi, nsalu, ubweya, miyala, chotsukira, kapena chimanga chowuma (8).
Pica ikhoza kuchitika mwa akuluakulu, komanso ana ndi achinyamata. Izi zati, vutoli limapezeka kwambiri mwa ana, amayi apakati, komanso anthu olumala (12).
Anthu omwe ali ndi pica akhoza kukhala pachiopsezo chowonjezereka cha poizoni, matenda, kuwonongeka kwa matumbo, ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya. Kutengera ndi zinthu zomwe zimalowetsedwa, pica imatha kupha.
Komabe, kuonedwa ngati pica, kumwa zinthu zosakhala chakudya sikuyenera kukhala mbali ya chikhalidwe kapena chipembedzo cha wina aliyense. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zimenezi siziyenera kuonedwa ngati mchitidwe wovomerezeka ndi anzake.
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Anthu omwe ali ndi pica amakonda kulakalaka zinthu zopanda chakudya. Vutoli limakhudza makamaka ana, amayi apakati komanso olumala m'maganizo.
5. Rumination Disorder
Rumination disorder ndi vuto linanso lomwe ladziwika posachedwapa.
Limafotokoza za mkhalidwe umene munthu akamabwerera m’mbuyo chakudya chimene adachitafuna ndi kuchimeza, n’kumachitafunanso, kenako n’kuchimeza kapena kuchilavulira (13).
Kuthamanga uku kumachitika pakatha mphindi 30 mutadya. Mosiyana ndi zikhalidwe zachipatala monga reflux, ndizodzifunira (14).
Matendawa amatha kuchitika ali wakhanda, ali mwana, kapena akakula. Kwa makanda, amayamba kukula pakati pa miyezi itatu ndi 12 ndipo nthawi zambiri amachoka okha. Ana ndi akuluakulu okhudzidwa nthawi zambiri amafuna chithandizo kuti athetse vutoli.
Ngati sanathe kuthetsedwa mwa makanda, vuto la rumination lingayambitse kuwonda ndi kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi komwe kungapha.
Akuluakulu omwe ali ndi vutoli amatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amadya, makamaka pagulu. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti achepetse thupi komanso kukhala ochepa thupi (8, 14).
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Kusokonezeka kwa Rumination kungakhudze anthu pazigawo zonse za moyo. Odwala nthawi zambiri amadya chakudya chomwe adya posachedwa. Kenako amatafunanso n’kumeza kapena kulavula.
6. Kupewa kapena Kuletsa Chakudya Chosokoneza Kudya
Kupewa kapena Kuletsa Food Eating Disorder (ARFID) ndi dzina latsopano la matenda akale.
M’chenicheni, umaloŵa m’malo mwa chimene kale chinkatchedwa “vuto la kadyedwe la makanda ndi ana aang’ono,” matenda amene poyamba anali osungidwa kwa ana osapitirira zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri.
Ngakhale ARFID nthawi zambiri imayamba ali wakhanda kapena ubwana, imatha kupitilirabe mpaka munthu wamkulu. Kuonjezera apo, ndizofala mofanana mwa amuna ndi akazi.
Anthu odwala matendawa amavutika kudya chifukwa chosowa chidwi ndi chakudya kapena kuipidwa ndi fungo linalake, zokonda, mitundu, maonekedwe, kapena kutentha.
Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za ARFID ndi (8):
- Pewani kapena kuchepetsa kudya komwe kumalepheretsa munthu kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zokwanira.
- Zakudya zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito anthawi zonse, monga kudya ndi ena.
- Kuchepetsa thupi kapena kusakula bwino kwa msinkhu ndi kutalika.
- Kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi kapena kudalira zakudya zowonjezera kapena kudyetsa machubu.
Chofunika kwambiri, ARFID imadutsa makhalidwe abwino, monga kudya mwachidwi kwa ana aang'ono kapena kuchepetsa kudya kwa okalamba.
Kuphatikiza apo, sizimaphatikizapo kupewa kapena kuletsa zakudya chifukwa chosowa kapena zipembedzo kapena zikhalidwe.
Chidule cha nkhaniyi:ARFID ndi vuto la kudya lomwe limayambitsa kusakwanira kwa chakudya. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chosowa chidwi ndi chakudya kapena kunyansidwa kwambiri ndi maonekedwe, fungo, kapena kukoma kwa zakudya zina.
Matenda ena a kadyedwe
Kupatula matenda asanu ndi limodzi a kadyedwe otchulidwa pamwambapa, palinso matenda osadziwika bwino kapena ocheperako. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwera m'magulu atatu (8):
- Kuchotsa Mavuto: Anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe oyeretsa, monga kusanza, mankhwala otsekemera, okodzetsa, kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri, kuti athe kuchepetsa kulemera kapena mawonekedwe awo. Komabe, samadzipangira okha zinthu.
- Night Eating Syndrome: Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zambiri amadya mopambanitsa, nthawi zambiri akadzuka.
- Kusokonezeka kwa Kudya Osati Kunenedweratu (EDNOS): Izi zikuphatikizapo zina zonse zomwe zingatheke zomwe zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi vuto la kudya, koma musagwere m'magulu onse omwe ali pamwambawa.
Orthorexia ndi matenda omwe amatha kugwa pansi pa EDNOS. Ngakhale kuti akutchulidwa mowonjezereka muzofalitsa ndi maphunziro a sayansi, orthorexia sichinazindikiridwe kuti ndi vuto la kudya mosiyana ndi DSM yamakono.
Anthu omwe ali ndi orthorexia amakonda kudya zakudya zabwino, zomwe zimasokoneza moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Mwachitsanzo, wokhudzidwayo akhoza kuthetsa magulu onse a zakudya, kuopa kudwala. Izi zingachititse kuti mukhale ndi vuto la kuperewera kwa zakudya m’thupi, kuwonda kwambiri, kuvutika kudya kunja kwa nyumba, ndiponso kuvutika maganizo.
Anthu omwe ali ndi orthorexia samangoganizira za kuchepa thupi. M’malo mwake, kudzidalira kwawo, umunthu wawo, kapena kukhutitsidwa kwawo kumadalira mmene amatsatira malamulo awo odziikira okha okhudza kudya (15).
Chidule cha nkhaniyi: Matenda a Purging ndi matenda odyetsera usiku ndizovuta zina ziwiri zomwe sizikufotokozedwa bwino. Gulu la EDNOS limaphatikizapo zovuta zonse zakudya, monga orthorexia, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi gulu lina.
Chotsatira chomaliza
Magulu omwe ali pamwambawa adapangidwa kuti apereke kumvetsetsa bwino kwazovuta zomwe anthu ambiri amadya komanso kuthetsa nthano zomwe anthu ambiri amakhala nazo.
Matenda a kadyedwe ndi matenda a maganizo omwe amawononga kwambiri thupi ndi maganizo.
Sali mafashoni, kapena magawo, kapena chinachake chimene munthu mwachidwi amasankha kutenga nawo mbali.
Ngati muli ndi vuto la kadyedwe kapena mukudziwa wina amene angakhale nalo, funani thandizo kwa katswiri wa zachipatala yemwe ali ndi vuto la kudya.
